Filmmaking Process

The filmmaking process is an extremely important, long, and complicated process. It usually takes between several months and several years. A film always starts with an original story idea, then a screenplay gets written, and then they shoot it. After that they edit the film and direct it. Then they distribute the film to its intended audience. There are also many people involved in the filmmaking process, from the directors to the cast, to the stage crew. The first step is coming up with the concept of the film, which is the idea. It could be an original story, or a remake. It could be part of a series. It could also come from a book or a play. Then they have to make an outline which describes the dramatic structure in each scene, called a step outline. This tells who will be where, what’s going to be said, and pretty much everything that happens in the film. They also set up all the scenes in the correct order. Then they make a twenty five to thirty five page paper describing the characters of the story and the mood. This is called a treatment. It contains stage direction and a little dialogue. It also has pictures so they have something to look at showing what the movies are going to do. This is the first step of the filmmaking process and really helps when it comes time to develop the screenplay. After this they start the screenplay. Writing the screenplay can take several months. They usually have to rewrite to improve things the dialogue, dramatization, characthers, structure, style, and to make it more clear. They develop screenplays in which the investers and other interested parties assess a process called script coverage. They have a film distributor look at it, and depending on how promising it looks, they guess how much financial help the film needs and how much it will get. Then they figure out the genre of the film, the target audience, success of films that were similar, and the success of the actors, actresses, and directors in previous films. These factors show how much the film will appeal to the target audience. Then they come together and form a film pitch. If the film pitch goes through and is successful, then they have financial backing to make the film. Then they make up contracts for everyone involved. At this time, only the second step, they’ve already developed their marketing strategy, which is how they advertise the film. They also have their target audience. Next is pre-production. During this stage every part of the filmmaking process is designed and planned out. The production is also storyboarded, in which the visual helps the concept artist and the illustrators. Then they have to make up a production budget. This is how much they plan on spending, and it includes insurance in case there is an accident. Then they start hiring their crew. The amount of people varies. If it is an important movie, like a Harry Potter movie, it would have over one hundred people. If it was a smaller film it could include just eight or nine people. The first member of the crew is the director. The director is responsible for all the creative decisions and story telling, as well as the acting. The director yells out action and cut. After the director there is an assistant director, who manages the logistics of the film, including the shooting schedule. There is also a casting director who auditions actors for the characters, deciding who embodies which character best. The photography director supervises the photography during the film. The audiography director makes sure all the sound in the film is correct. The location manager takes care of where the film is located. Although most parts are shot in a studio, there are some things that need to be shot off location. There is also a composer who decides when music should play, how loudly, and what to play. The production designer takes care of the visual conception of the film while the art director manages the building of the set and props. The costume designer creates the clothing for the actors and actresses, and usually ends up having to work closely with them. There is also a hair and makeup designer, who styles each of the actors, making sure they look the same each time. There is also a choreagorapher. As is usual for a choreagorapher they create dances and fight scenes, as well as regular movements. After all of these people are hired they are ready for production. The next part is production. Production is the most grueling part of filmmaking. The cast and crew can frequently spend 12 or more hours on the set, filming only three or four pages of script, often in very uncomfortable ocations. This goes on for days, weeks, months with the same schedule day after day, review dailies (the footage shot yesterday), shoot today’s footage, prepare for tomorrow’s filming. For many people though, this is the most exhilarating part of production and this is indeed where â€Å"the magic happens. † Yet to some people it sometimes seems strange that a movie that will eventually only occupy two hours onscreen could take months to film. However, it does, and here’s just a few of the reason why. The first reason is lighting. One of the single most important elements to a film’s visual appearance is lighting. However perfect lighting does not exist and takes time to create. Lighting must be made consistent (or inconsistent depending) and mood-enhancing, yet remain unobtrusive. It takes a great deal of planning and then man-hours by electricians and their assistants to create a light set-up for even a small set. The next reason is location. Sometimes it is possible to film an entire movie on a sound stage, however, more than likely it requires some traveling. Since science has yet to create a teleportation device and all the magicians who know how to do it won’t reveal their secrets unless televised on broadcast television, it can take huge amounts of time to transport the cast and crew to even one location per day. There are probably close to 100 people involved in a major film, excluding crowd scene extras and so on, as well as literally tons of equipment to go along with them. Another reason is weather. Mother Nature doesn’t really care about Hollywood and can quite frequently hamper production. Usually it is no more than a rain storm that stops production for a day or two, or a heat wave that causes shorter work days. But sometimes weather can be extremely costly. Such was the case of Kevin Costner’s Waterworld that saw entire sets destroyed and sunk by sea storms that not only seriously delayed the production, but also pushed the budget sky-high. Previously I mentioned that lighting is one of the most important elements in a movie. In addition to lighting, and of course the actors, cinemotography is the key element in a film’s visual appearance. Though it takes years of either schooling or job experience to truly learn how to film well, there are a few basic pointers that anyone with a camera and eye towards making something better than a jerky home movie should know (because seriously, those â€Å"How to Film† videos they hand out now when you buy a camcorder are really just a twenty minutes session in which they try to sell you all the accessories). After production there is post-production, which is basically editing. Post-Production involves every step after primary filming, editing and corrections, and reshoots. The process of reshooting is simple enough in concept (though perhaps not in actual process) that we can skip that one which leaves editing and corrections. Editing serves two purposes. First, the logistics of production often make it impossible to film in sequence. And even in the extremely rare case where a story is filmed in order, there are still numerous takes and unnecessary footage between the good shots. Thus, editing serves to eliminate this unwanted footage and to place the events in a coherent order. Second, even simple actions take up a great deal of time on film. For example imagine a sequence of a person getting dressed. In real life this process takes about five minutes. Five minutes in the course of the human life is insignificant, but five minutes in the course of a two hour movie is a horrendous amount of time to spend on meaningless action. If that same person pulled clothes out of a closet and in the next shot walked into the kitchen, the obvious conclusion the audience will make is said person got dressed. Thus editing can serve to eliminate tedious and unnecessary footage so that the audience may focus on the story. Editing can also serve to create. The human eye, when viewing a scene does not remain stationary. Watch two people talking, your eye will jump from person to person to watch speech or gauge reaction. You’ll find it extremely difficult to watch both at the same time and you could end up cross-eyed. Editing also serves to mimic this action of selective viewing. When a conversation between two people is put on film, it is filmed (usually) by switching back and forth between the characters to again, watch speech or gauge reaction. The natural switching back and forth is unobtrusive because in reality, you do it all the time. Thus editing serves to place shots into a coherent storyline, eliminate unnecessary footage, and create better flow. Other examples of techniques in which the editing serves more interesting purposes are parallel editing and montage. Parallel editing is a technique in which two separate scenes are shown to take place at the same time. To do this, the editor cuts the two scenes together switching from one to the other. This is often used in scenes where the character is racing against time, such as the bomb’s clock counting down as the character tries to get out of the building. A montage sequence is another technique in which extremely short shots are edited together in quick succession to create general emotion. Editing is not the entirety of post-production however. Once the picture is edited into its final narrative form, there are hundreds of tiny elements that need to be tweaked. Occasionally, different light schemes will produce different colors between shots, the differences are always slight, however, they need to be corrected to create continuity between shots. This process is called color-correction. Titles and credits, a key part to any movie, are also designed and added. Also at this stage any computer generated effects are added to footage, though in truth this will happen before the scene is edited. While these visual components are polished, the audio portions of the film are tweaked elsewhere. Very rarely are the audio components you hear in the theater the sounds recorded during footage. Audio is recorded onto a separate track, which is kept in time with the footage via a sync machine (this is so your movie doesn’t end up looking like a cheap dubbing job). The microphones used to record the actors voices are extremely precise in their range, they pick up sound only from the air immediately in front of the actor. This keeps the voice quality as high possible. Later on, background is added in when it can be adjusted to suitable levels. So if two characters are walking amidst a midnight orchard replete with singing nightbirds, the dialogue is really the only noise recorded at the time. The other noises, the crickets, nightbirds and the wind, are either recorded at the same location or elsewhere and then added in so that the night wildlife only adds to the mood of the scene, rather than drowning out the speech of the characters. The final steps are distribution and release. They either sell the movie to a company who will release it in cinemas, or to one who will make it go out on DVD. They create movie trailers, posters, and other things to advertise the upcomoing film. The night the film is realeased it is celebrated with a launch party, and then if it is in cinemas, it will get released on DVD a few months later. In the end the distribution and production companies split the profit. As you can see, filmmaking is a very complicated process.

17th Century Masters of Dutch Painting Essay

The Baroque Art Style Movement started in the 17th century. This period was characterized by complex art style which is stimulated by the urge to tap the different â€Å"emotional states† which is dramatically shown â€Å"by appealing to the senses. † The dominant characteristics of this period were â€Å"grandeur, sensuous richness, drama, vitality, movement, tension, emotional exuberance, and a tendency to blur distinctions† ( Pioch, 2002, â€Å"Baroque†). The Dutch were one of those who perfected this particular style and they have generated some of the critically acclaimed Baroque masterpieces in art history. Jan Vermeer, Jan Steen and Gabriel Metsu were just three of the masters of Dutch painting who have immensely contributed to the development of the arts in the Netherlands. Vermeer’s Woman Holding A Balance, Steen’s The Drawing Lesson and Metsu’s Young Woman Reading A Letter were some of the noted creations that have embodied the â€Å"novelty of genre Dutch paintings. † These art pieces were immediately accepted by the public because they resembled an â€Å"honest and materialist art† that highlighted art as an â€Å"end in itself and not as a mere vehicle for emphasizing values from other realms of human thought. † More so, these paintings focused on a common theme which is the depiction of domestic daily life wherein women where the central characters. The artists used this theme to emphasize that the homes were not merely structures but also the foundation of morals in the society. In addition, the role of women in the paintings was intended to help bring serenity to the viewers in order for them to easily adapt to the overwhelming changes that were introduced in the 17th century (cited in Janson, 2008, â€Å"The Subject Matter of Dutch Domestic Interiors†). See more: Analysis of Starbucks coffee company employees essay Jan Vermeer was an artisan who is known for his trademarks of crafty play with light and color, inclusion of graphics with poetic quality and the exploration of spatial relationships. The camera obscura was the tool he used add a realness factor to his paintings (Pioch, 2002, â€Å"Vermeer, Jan†). In Woman Holding A Balance, Jan Vermeer illustrated a young woman holding a pair of empty weighing scales who was probably going to measure the mass of the valuable materials placed on the table. Moreover, other elements were also harmoniously integrated in the artwork such as the painting of the Last Judgment which signified a Christian biblical event; the weighing scales which symbolized justice; the light coming from the window suggested spiritual enlightenment and the mirror in front of the woman represented conceitedness. All of these elements exemplified the significance of resisting temptation of material things and living moderately in order to obtain salvation (National Gallery of Art, 2008, â€Å"Vermeer†). Meanwhile, Jan Steen was branded as one of the most productive painters of the Dutch art scene. He was known for his â€Å"versatility, richness of characterization, inventiveness in composition, skillful manipulation of colors† (Janson, 2008, â€Å"Seven Dutch Masters: Jan Steen†). The Drawing Lesson captured the scene of an art instructor teaching a young male and a beautiful young lady most likely about drawing. The art studio was filled with a variety of art paraphernalia that were strewn all over the place. There were nude sculptures, paint brushes, easels and other art materials. Vanity was also represented through the presence of â€Å"a laurel wreath, a skull, wine, a fur muff, a book, a lute, and a pipe† to impart Steen’s message that popularity and life are not permanent in the physical world. This uncomplicated ordinary scene is a symbolic representation of the lives of artists and the nature of their profession (J. Paul Getty Trust, â€Å"†The Drawing Lesson†). Moreover, another Dutch painter who made a mark in the field of Baroque art was Gabriel Metsu who was also a son of a painter. He founded the Leiden painters guild where he learned to create genre scenes that showed the â€Å"influences of Nicolaes Maes, Gerrit Terborch and the Delft school. † More so, â€Å"his technique evolved from the quite broadly painted Leiden works to the meticulous fjnschilder manner of his later Amsterdam years† (Janson, 2008, â€Å"Seven Dutch Masters: Gabriel Metsu†). In Metsu’s painting of Woman Reading a Letter, shows a woman reading a letter probably from a suitor or a male correspondence. Actually, this painting is a continuation of another Metsu painting called Man Writing a Letter and when these two pieces are interconnected, a story of courtship between a man and a woman is established. Meanwhile, â€Å"the maid’s momentary movement contrasts with the concentration of the young woman who, one senses, will not move until she has finished reading the letter. † Love was also cleverly symbolized in the painting which is in the form of the seascape painting mounted on the wall which probably was directed to represent the risks involved in having relationships (Web Gallery of Art, 1996, â€Å"Metsu, Gabriel†). In terms of aesthetic qualities, the three paintings showcased a variety of distinct elements including color, light, texture, lines, and brushstrokes. In Woman Holding A Balance by Vermeer, the artist combined all aesthetic elements to produce one exquisite picture. Vermeer employed darker shades of color but accents of blue, yellow and white were visible to avoid monotony. More so, the light came from only source which was at the window that directly illuminated the serene face of the woman. Since this painting symbolically suggests living a balanced life, the compositional lines proportionally dissected the whole picture that emanated uniformity and a sense of space. The technique used by Vermeer for his brushstrokes was impasto wherein he densely put paint on the canvas to make strokes using a paintbrush finished by thin glazes. In addition, played with camera obscura â€Å"to create a specular highlight† as seen on the pearls on the table which were painted with two layers of color. Overall, these elements: the dark colors, the orthogonal lines, impasto brushstrokes, the objects that surround the woman like the balance and painting of the Last Judgement , all â€Å"reinforced the theme of spiritual moderation†(National Gallery of Art, 2008, â€Å"Vermeer†). Many different objects and elements were incorporated in The Drawing Lesson by Steen. Every object has a corresponding meaning and significance. The colors of brown, pink, grey, blue and red were delicately subdued to seamlessly mesh the variety of objects in the picture. In addition the colors, lighting and the placement of the objects were very strategic that despite the many elements present, the painting did not look cluttered. More so, each object included in the painting suggested a symbolical meaning, the viewer just needs to look closely and try to comprehend the message of Steen. â€Å"Typically Steen gives a degree of information about individual characters, but leaves the viewer to ponder the specific twists of the narrative, and to admire the artist for his clever allusions† (Wiseman, â€Å"Dutch and Flemish Art†). The focal point of the painting was the teacher and his pretty young student. The pastel colors of pink and blue contrasted by the gold and dark red colors emphasized the young woman and her dress which suggested that she is aristocratic in nature. While the art teacher was depicted in an ordinary attire to show that he is a commoner trying to break into the exclusive circle of the rich by teaching their children how to make art. In the position of the artist, the young woman and the boy, it could be drawn that there exist a special relationship between the teacher and his pupil and that the other student notices their secret â€Å"love affair. † However, this interpretation was not confirmed by Steen. He wanted his artworks to insinuate different messages depending on the viewer’s perception. For Woman Reading a Letter Metsu wanted to tell a story of love, drama and anticipation. This painting was clearly the continuation of Metsu’s other painting called Man â€Å"Writing a Letter. † Compared to the two previous artworks, this one had been brightly illuminated and the dominant colors were of light shades and hues. At first glance, one may think that this is a sublime scenario but if one would look closely and analyze the objects that surround the woman, one can realize that this painting suggests otherwise. The tranquil face of the woman reading the letter is contradicted by the chaotic seascape painting on the wall. Also, the dropped shoe and the worried position of the maid support the theory that something bad might have happened to the man who sent the letter. Every aspect of this painting had been craftily incorporated to tell a provoking story.

Essay about Into the Wild Book Report - 1001 Words

Into The Wild Book Report A New Life â€Å"In April 1992 a young man from a well-to-do family hitchhiked to Alaska and walked alone into the wilderness north of Mt. McKinley. His name was Christopher Johnson Mcandless. He had given $25,000 in savings to charity, abandoned his car and most of his possessions, burned all the cash in his wallet, and invented a new life for himself.† Into The Wild is a book about a young man who travels across some of the most unforgiving terrain to find his place in life. He travels through the tough Alaskan landscape running from Christopher Johnson Mcandless, and embracing the new life that is slowly coming to him. As Chris runs away from his family, and travels along vast areas of terrain, he makes a†¦show more content†¦He had his mind made up and there was no changing it. â€Å"Driving west out of Atlanta, he intended to invent an utterly new life for himself, one in which he would be free to wallow in unfiltered experience. To symbolize the complete severance from his previous life, he even adopted a new name. No longer would he answer to Chris McCandless; he was now Alexander Super tramp, master of his own destiny.† (Krakauer Pg22-23) As far a Chris was concerned Christopher Johnson McCandless was dead. There was no more Chris as long as he was concerned his name was Alex and that was it. There was no college degree, no parents, no luxuries or free money. From now on he worked for everything he needed to survive and he started his new life bound for new territory. When Chris finally arrived to his new home and eventually his final resting place, he was ecstatic. He had made it to his destination that he had been wondering for since his first days in college. He had been through allot to get to the bus, it was just more satisfying to him because of that very reason, he didn’t need any help. 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One issue is the failure of museum to capitalize their collections and report them as assets. According to the Australian Accounting Standards, annual general-purpose financial reports will be misrepresented if heritage and collections are included as assets. One of the criteria’s of an asset is to bring future economic benefit. The question raised in relation to museum is whetherRead More Into The Wild Essay1684 Words   |  7 PagesInto the Wild #9;Sometimes a character may be pushed over the edge by our materialistic society to discover his/her true roots, which can only be found by going back to nature where monetary status was not important. Chris McCandless leaves all his possessions and begins a trek across the Western United States, which eventually brings him to the place of his demise-Alaska. Jon Krakauer makes you feel like you are with Chris on his journey and uses exerts from various authors such as Thoreau

Societal Classes of the Medieval Era and of Today - 540 Words

One’s social and economical status has, throughout all of history, been a very important aspect of one’s life. It influences the education one can receive, what work they are eligible to do, and their position in their world as a whole. In The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer explores a variety of positions in medieval society through his characters. The feudal hierarchy Chaucer explored over 600 years ago such as the clergy, the middle class, and the nobility are all comparable to the societal classes of today’s world. The first, and most influential class, would be the clergy. These people some might describe as â€Å"those who pray.† The clergy is a special case as it does not have a strict position the feudal hierarchy. For example, friars and priests would be considered on par with peasants and commoners respectively. On the other hand, the pope himself easily rivaled the king in terms of power. The organized institution of Christianity and its memb ers are still extremely comparable today. They both still dedicate their lives to God and service his Will, while controversially there are members whose integrity are similar to some of the Clergy members in The Canterbury Tales. Like the friar, there are members today who knew â€Å"every innkeeper and barmaid too better than lepers, beggars and that crew† (pg.103, -245-6). That is too say, despite being a â€Å"messenger of God,† their behavior is still commonly seen as less than Godly today. Of course there are still excellentShow MoreRelatedIf Rome Never Fell2888 Words   |  12 Pagesconcrete are often highlighted to show how advanced technologically Rome was. Think of the film Gladiator and its depiction of the advanced coliseum. But imagine if Rome had never fallen. Would modern society be more advanced today? Quite the contrary would be true. 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The Movie Dallas Buyers Club Essay - 1412 Words

The film Dallas Buyers Club is a biographical drama whose plot is based around the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s. Early in the history of the illness, cases of a rare lung infection were found in five previously healthy young men. In addition to that, the young men all suffered from various other infections which indicated that their immune systems were not functioning properly. The new illness was so aggressive that before a report by the CDC could be published, two of the five men had succumbed to the illness. Besides the similar rare cases of lung infection amongst the five, there was one other shared characteristic; they were all gay men. By years’ end, there were 270 reported cases in gay men with the same disease; of that 270 however, 121 of those individuals had passed (Timeline of HIV/AIDS,2011). It was now clear that there was a new threat to gay men besides social ostracizing; HIV/AIDS had made its presence known. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if not treated (About HIV/AIDS, n.d). Unlike some other viruses, the human body cannot fully rid itself of HIV completely, even with treatment. Simply put, once you contract HIV, you have it for life. This disease attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the immune system stave off infections. When left to its own devices, HIV reduces the number of CD4 cells (T cells) in the body, making the person more likely toShow MoreRelatedThe Movie Dallas Buyers Club872 Words   |  4 PagesThe film Dallas Buyers Club takes place in Texas during the mid-1980s. The film is based on true events and focuses on the life of an electrician and rodeo bull rider Ron Woodroof, who’s life consists of heavy drinking, smoking, drug use and sex. Ron Woodroof is a racist and a homophobic, which after a work related injury is sent to the hospital. Afte r running several studies of his blood, the doctors discovered and informed Ron that he is HIV positive and only has 30 days left to live. Ron is angryRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Dallas Buyers Club1427 Words   |  6 Pagesstigma, distance themselves from the stigma or try to correct it, and embrace or accept the stigma. The movie Dallas Buyers Club offers a chance to see several stigmas brought to light, and the way that each was handled. For instance there are examples of HIV/AIDS, homosexuality, feminism, and criminal activity that are prevalent and shape the way the movie is organized. Dallas Buyers Club is based on a true story of Ron Woodruff, a Texan redneck, who is outspokenly homophobic, works as an electricianRead MoreMovie Analysis : Dallas Buyers Club Directed By Jean Marc Vallee And The Imitation Game By Morten Tyldum1850 Words   |  8 PagesMAJOR WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT: TOPIC TWO ESSAY WORD COUNT: 1893 In film, drama is the most diverse of genres with many subcategories such as crime drama, comedy drama, romantic drama, historical drama etc. Dallas Buyers Club directed by Jean-Marc Vallee and The Imitation Game by Morten Tyldum both take on the role of producing historical and biographical dramas. These can be categorized as both films are set in the past to tell a story and through the perspective a certain important person and time inRead MoreCopyrights Of Distribution Of Dallas Buyers Club ( Dbc ) V IInet Limited Case Over Infringement Of Copyrights1898 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction -Discussion of issue Copyrights of distribution of Dallas Buyers Club (DBC) v iiNet Limited case over infringement of copyrights. They complain that their copyrights were infringed by 4726 internet users downloading and then sharing their work via torrent websites without paying for the privilege. DBC LLC s, Voltage Pictures, used a German-based firm Macek Eye UG to find out users sharing the film using Bit Torrent and found out 4,726 IP addresses. The case was filed before The FederalRead MoreThe High Demand Of Internet2847 Words   |  12 Pagesright. Consequently, global organized crime has transferred to Internet cybercrime (Williams, 2006). Similarly, there was a law case between Dallas Buyers Club LLC and iiNet where Dallas Buyers Club sued Australian ISP, iiNet last year. Dallas Buyers Club LLC accused iiNet users in Australia who illegally downloaded and shared the movie. As in Dallas Buyers Club LLC brought this case to the court, it asked for the Internet users details who they believe may have illegally shared and downloaded theirRead MoreThe Violation Of Copyright Infringement1296 Words   |  6 Pagesthe film studio that created the â€Å"Dallas Buyers Club† attempted to use the recently passed amendment to target online pirates and extract â€Å"ludicrous† amounts of money from supposed perpetrators. However, little was done to actually punish the piraters, and soon after they abandoned the case leading many to think that the law could not be used effectively, as it became more expensive for the company to continue their case than to abandon it. The Dallas buyers club case failed as they initially wereRead MoreThe Treatment Of Terminally Ill Patients1591 Words   |  7 Pagesare unlikely to pay for these treatments, or anything associated with them (Andrews, par. 4-5)(Moynihan, par. 7-11)(Gaffney, par. 16-17). Right-to-Try Laws are relatively new. They are nicknamed â€Å"The Dallas Buyers Club Laws,† after the Oscar winning movie. â€Å"The notion is based on the ‘Dallas Buyers Club’- the idea that you have to get around the indifferent and cruel government to get access to drugs,† says Arthur Caplan, who is the director of the bioethics division at New York University LangoneRead MoreMoby Dick : The Greatest Book Ever Written By Herman Melville866 Words   |  4 Pagescredible seaman. Still, Hemsworth’s acting craft is hardly worth praise, at least not in comparison to the physical transformation he willingly takes on throughout the course of the film. Like Tom Hanks (Cast Away) or Matthew McConaughey (Dallas Buyers Club), Hemsworth is forced to shed quite a few pounds to sell his adrift, wayward character – which, along with his mates, are stranded at sea for 3 months (by the time all is said and done). In fact, here lies the main obstacle that director RonRead MorePrice Discrimination8877 Words   |  36 Pagesprice discrimination and discusses the two major forms of price discrimination. It then considers the welfare effects and antitrust implications of price discrimination. 1. Introduction The Web site of computer manufacturer Dell asks prospective buyers to declare whether they are a home user, small business, large business or government entity. Two years ago, the price of a 512 MB memory module, part number A0193405, depended on which business segment one declared. At that time, Dell quoted $289Read MoreIncreasing Frequency And Normality Of Piracy2055 Words   |  9 Pagesavailability coming second only to price at a 1:2 ratio. Out of the 168 films released in both the US and Australia in 2014, 107 of those films had a delayed release in Australia (The Guardian, 2014). Even the Australian produced and filmed movie, The Lego Movie, had a 54 day delayed release in Australia (Gizmodo, 2014), and soon became one of the most frequently pirated films. Village Roadshow Chairman Burke maintains this delay only occurred to ensure the release the film within Australian school

Effect of he Environment on Westward Expansion Essay Example For Students

Effect of he Environment on Westward Expansion Essay As the country grew and expanded, the American people where always one to push their bounds. In 1763, we proudly, defied Englands proclamation of the year, and settled west of the Appalachian mountains. A little later, the westward people pushed Indians, animals, and society to a place where no American person had gone before. But all the while, one important factor determined where they transported themselves, where they settled, and what they did when they got there. This factor, the environment, profoundly affected the settlers way of life, and other factors, such as the Indians and the railroad, only aggravated a pre-existing condition. The settlers of the late 1800s had only one way to get to the west- along the pre-existing routes established by the courier-de-bois, Spanish settlers, and the Indians of the past. These routes, which flowed through the only passable areas of the Rockies, naturally led to Oregon and California, which caused an increase in the population of these regions at the time. These trails, such as the Oregon Trail to the north, the Mormon and Spanish Trail to the south, and the California and Overland trails in between were very rough and bumpy, making the trek no easy task. On the home front, the environment played an important role on the family life as well.. Women had a more prominent role in society as we shifted from the urbanized east to the more agrarian west. They were expected to do more than they did in the past, such as make the clothing everyone in the family wore, while the man was off toiling in the desert in search for food. With an increased sense of independence, women had gained rights to vote and proprietorship. But with this increased sense of independence came the added responsibility of being the family doctor, chef, and provider of family comfort and support. Women even faced the grim possibility of giving birth on the trail. The environment also affected the health of the people who lived in the west. In the middle of the desert, with scarce sources of food and water, the people and environment became one. With the water remote and out of hand, the emigrants faced higher incidents of dysentery and diarrhea, which stemmed from their inappropriate water supplies. The environment also molded another aspect of our westward ancestors- their style of architecture and development. In the east, where the land was expensive and hard to find, people generally built towards the heavens. But in the lands west of the Mississippi, where the land was found easily and very cheaply, the people generally built outward with buildings no taller than two stories. Perhaps we should of learned from the Indians of the past, who built in natural recesses in the mountains to provide natural protection and shade. But other factors also played a role in westward movement, although its influence wasnt as imposing as the environment. The people that already lived in those areas, the Indians, naturally fought against these white faced foes to keep the land that was once theirs. But other factors also played an important role. The railroad, for instance, would ultimately decide which areas would become populated or not as this form of transportation became a more comfortable mode of movement. In conclusion, one can now see the extreme influence the environment played on the westward settlers of the past. Not only did it influence where and how they settled, it affected their way of life, livelihood, and general mood. While it may be said that external factors such as the Indians and the railroad changed the direction of westward movement, it was ultimately the environment that would decide where and how the people settled. .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc , .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc .postImageUrl , .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc , .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc:hover , .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc:visited , .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc:active { border:0!important; } .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc:active , .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue7a9b3801acc6acca794bfdb538567fc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rosencrantz EssayCategory: History .

Swisher Case Study

Swisher Mower is a company specialized on the manufacturing of lawn mowers. In 1996, the company got an opportunity to extend business, drawing up a private-brand distribution contract with the major national merchandise retailer.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Swisher specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, such method of distribution would change the traditional marketing development of the company. Making a choice between the traditional way of retailing and new opportunity to extend business, the company faced with the marketing and organizational challenge and competitive threats that should be overcome. Analysis of background of Swisher demonstrated that the company had always â€Å"a small company† image (Kerin and Peterson 415) and the change of the traditional strategy and acceptance of the new way of a private-brand distribution was a serious marketing challenge due to the specific of the sales within the industry. Swisher had been already cooperated with two buying networks that represent independent farm supply stores. However, distribution within industry required the cooperation with other big networks and reduction of the direct work with the small stores. Besides, organizational challenge was based on the problem of change of the traditions of the company that had to transform its organizational strategy and the image of small company with emphasis of the personal relations with dealers and customers. In 1995, the total income of company sales was $4,3 million and gross profit of the company was $704,850; the total liabilities and owner’s equity was $1,2 million (Kerin and Peterson 421). At the same time, â€Å"the lawn and garden industry produced sales of $5,5 in 1995, at manufacturers’ prices† (Kerin and Peterson 420). The company expected the continuation of the consistent sales and incensement of benefits. However, making the arrangem ent, Swisher was not sure would it be more profitable for the company or not. The company got the opportunities of business incensement, excess capacity and benefits of distribution in metropolitan areas. Moreover, Swisher developed the new product line and introduced it to customer. In this situation, there are no opportunities that seem to be missed. Expansion of business and incensement of benefits are the main goals of every company. However, the company could make more aggressive advertising and sales effort instead of accepting this arrangement. Although Swisher had to change its traditional strategies and image, the profits were worth of this transformation.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Competitive threats of the company included the possible loss of relations with farm supply stores, lawn and garden stores and others small stores. According to Kerin and Peter son, â€Å"about 75 percent of company sales are made in nonmetropolitan areas† (416). Starting new way of distribution, Swisher faced with a serious competition with ten manufacturers with the nationally branded names in the riding lawn market. Those companies had already a strong position within the industry; therefore, it would be highly difficult to compete with them. The most important challenge that must be overcome included the reduction of the prices as the result of the new conception of a private-brand distribution. The mowers had to be purchased with a price 5 percent lower than Swisher’s list (Kerin and Peterson 423). The company had to guarantee lowest price without an obligation of the promotion discounts. Besides, the mowers should display the American name. Swisher had to find out how to reduce the prices without the serious damage to the economical proceeds and the company focused on minimizing debt. Works Cited Kerin, Roger A. and Robert A. Peterson. Strategic Marketing Problems: Cases and Comments, 12 th Ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010. Print. This case study on Swisher was written and submitted by user Darwin Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.